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If you want to restrict access to Internet resources based on user accounts, or if you want to require authentication before users can access published servers, ISA Server must be able to access a directory of user accounts to determine whether the user should have access. ISA Server provides several options for authenticating the users, including Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS), RSA SecureID, or the local user account database on the computer running ISA Server. However, the easiest option to implement for most organizations is to use a domain directory service to authenticate the users. Most organizations already have a domain infrastructure that includes all the user accounts; in such cases, ISA Server can use this directory service to authenticate user accounts. You can use Windows 2000, Windows Server 2003, or Windows NT 4 domains to perform this service. To use the domain for authentication, the server running ISA Server must be a member of the domain. In addition, ISA Server must be able to communicate with the domain controllers on the internal network. If you use Active Directory in Windows Server 2003 or Windows 2000, you must configure the internal network interface on the ISA Server computer with the IP address of a DNS server that can resolve the IP addresses for the local domain controllers.

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Figure 11-5

One of the more controversial debates when deploying ISA Server is the question of whether the ISA Server computer should be a member of a domain or whether it should be a stand-alone computer. Using a stand-alone computer is generally considered more secure because of the dangers of exposing a domain member directly to the Internet. If a computer that is a member of a domain is compromised, it is much easier for the attacker to gain access to the domain information, including the account names for all domain user accounts. In addition, if the ISA Server computer is a member of the internal domain, you must enable domain authentication traffic as well as Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) and global catalog traffic from the ISA Server computer to the domain controllers on the internal network.

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See Also You can find a complete list of Netsh IPSec commands in the Windows Server 2003 Help And Support Center. You can locate them by clicking Tools, then Command Line Reference. Note that many of the commands look complex, but they can be simplified. If you use the same choices as the command uses for its defaults, the commands you must type in can be reduced. For example, you don t need to use the word Kerberos if that is the form of authentication you want to use. Enter nothing, and the command defaults to using Kerberos authentication.

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To set the Netsh IPSec context, type the word static or dynamic while in the Netsh IPSec context. Our discussion is concerned only with Netsh commands that are useful to establish and monitor IPSec. Once you have a context, you can use the Netsh commands to produce a policy or monitor IPSec activity. Two modes are possible. Static mode allows you to create, mod ify, and assign policies without affecting the active IPSec policy. Dynamic mode allows you to display the active state and immediately implement changes to the active IPSec policy. Dynamic Netsh commands affect the service only when it is running. If it is stopped, dynamic policy settings are discarded.

On the other hand, configuring authentication on ISA Server is much more complicated if the ISA Server computer is not a domain member. This is particularly true if you require authentication for outgoing Internet requests. Usually, all users in the organization are granted some level of access to the Internet, and duplicating all the user accounts on the ISA Server computer or using an alternative authentication mechanism such as RADIUS is just too complicated. It might be more reasonable to use an alternative means of authentication for granting access to published resources for Internet users. For example, if only a few users are accessing a secured Web site, then using SecurID, RADIUS, or certificate-based authentication may be feasible. One way to meet the requirement to use domain authentication for Internet access requests for internal users, but still ensure that the ISA Server computer at the Internet-edge is not a domain member, is to use two ISA Server computers. One ISA Server computer that is not a domain member can be the Internet-edge server, and it will authenticate all user requests using a means other than domain authentication. A second ISA Server computer that is a domain member can then be used as the proxy server for all internal users, and it can use domain authentication to authenticate outgoing requests.

Dynamic mode can be quite useful, for example, if you need to immediately initiate a change to IPSec processing. Although some IPSec commands require you to stop and start the IPSec service, others do not. However, Dynamic mode can also be a mixed blessing. Should you make a mistake in Dynamic mode, you will have no opportunity to discover it before imple menting the change. You could end up creating an incorrect configuration without warning.

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